Do you trust digital health pass? Understanding tourists' responses toward using health QR codes in pandemic travel. (Special Issue: Tourism recovery under COVID-19: Experiences from China.)

Health information technology has been widely implemented to ensure travel safety in the current normalization stage of COVID-19. However, levels of public trust and acceptance toward health QR codes are low in many countries, impeding tourism recovery after the outbreak. Thus, this study aims to explore the psychological mechanisms underpinning tourist trust, confidence, and behaviors toward traveling with health QR codes. Using a quota sampling, 1089 respondents were collected across mainland China. Results identify that tourists' trust in health QR codes is affected by knowledge, perceived efficacy, privacy risk, and security. People's trust in digital health applications can boost travel confidence and increase acceptance of tracing technology and travel intention after the pandemic. Practical implications for developing policies and strategies to encourage travel are provided.

Influences of Two FEV1 Reference Equations (GLI-2012 and GIRH-2017) on Airflow Limitation Classification Among COPD Patients.

Objective: To explore the clinical effects of different forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) reference equations on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) airflow limitation (AFL) classification. Methods: We conducted a COPD screening program for residents over 40 years old from 2019 to 2021. All residents received the COPD screening questionnaire (COPD-SQ) and spirometry. Postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) <0.7 was used as the diagnostic criterion of COPD and two reference equations of FEV1 predicted values were used for AFL severity classification: the European Respiratory Society Global Lung Function Initiative reference equation in 2012 (GLI-2012) and the Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health reference equation in 2017 (GIRH-2017). Clinical characteristics of patients in GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) 1-4 grades classified by the two reference equations were compared. Results: Among 3524 participants, 659 subjects obtained a COPD-SQ score of 16 or more and 743 participants were found to have AFL. The COPD-SQ showed high sensitivity (59%) and specificity (91%) in primary COPD screening. Great differences in COPD severity classification were found when applying the two equations (p < 0.001). Compared with GIRH-2017, patients with AFL classified by GLI-2012 equations were significantly severer. The relationship between symptom scores, acute exacerbation (AE) history distributions and COPD severities classified by the two equations showed a consistent trend of positive but weak correlation. Group A, B, C and D existed in all GOLD 1 to 3 COPD patients, but in GOLD 4, only Groups B and D existed. However, no clear significant differences were found in symptoms, AE risk assessments, risk factors exposure and even the combined ABCD grouping under the two equations. Conclusion: There were significant differences in COPD AFL severity classification with GLI-2012 and GIRH-2017 FEV1 reference equations. But these severity estimation differences did not affect symptoms, AE risk assessments and ABCD grouping of patients at all GOLD grades.

Family social class as a predictor of college students' career decision-making self-efficacy

Career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) is important for college students' choice of career, especially during the current period of global economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated the predictive effect of family social class on the CDMSE of college students. Participants were 838 college students from China, who completed measures of subjective socioeconomic status, self-esteem, belief in a just world, and CDMSE. The results show that family social class predicted the CDMSE of college students not only directly, but also indirectly through the separate mediating roles of belief in a just world and self-esteem, and through the chain mediating effect of belief in a just world followed by self-esteem. We have provided empirical evidence that could be useful for college teachers who offer students psychological counseling for their careers. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal is the property of Society for Personality Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

The regulation of melatonin on female reproduction

Since melatonin was discovered by humans in 1958. It is believed to be related to vertebrate reproduction, especially seasonal reproduction. It is in a large measure attributed to the fact that melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland and exhibits a unique circadian rhythm. The diurnal variation of melatonin levels in the blood of vertebrates is accessed not just for reproductive rhythms, but for seasonal cycles of metabolic activities, immune functions, and behavioral expression. With the widespread application of modern technology, the effect of seasons on reproductive performance has been weakened, but it is because of the rhythmic secret ion characteristics of melatonin that animal reproduction and even human reproduction have greater controllability. In the past 60 years, a large number of studies reveal the effect of melatonin on animal reproduction. Nowadays, faced with the impact of African swine fever and novel coronavirus outbreaks on animal husbandry in China, how to improve female animal reproduction economically and effectively is the key to animal husbandry reproduction. This article mainly discusses about the researches of melatonin on female reproduction in terms of follicular development, hormone levels of organism, and embryonic development. The purpose of this article is to provide an effective basis for new research in this field, especially those with relevance to animal re- production and reproductive medicine, and for animal reproduction and production.

The impact of uncertainty on tourists’ controllability, mood state and the persuasiveness of message framing in the pandemic era

Drawing on uncertainty theory, this study examines how to boost travel intention by analyzing the impacts of uncertainty on the effectiveness of destination marketing messages. Three studies (including four scenario-based experiments and five pretests) were employed to examine these impacts. Study 1 demonstrated that travel outcome uncertainty impacts travel intentions and revealed controllability and mood state as parallel and serial mediators. Study 2 showed that a combination of low (vs. high) uncertainty and gain (vs. loss) framing leads to higher travel intentions. The results further show that in the temporal distance condition, the effect of message framing is attenuated. Study 3 revealed that a combination of low (vs. high) uncertainty and hedonic (vs. utilitarian) attributes increased travel intentions. The research also provides practical implications for global tourism marketers to lower the uncertainty barrier.

Role of stay-at-home requests and travel restrictions in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in Japan.

COVID-19 is one of the worst global health crises in a century. Japan confirmed its first case of COVID-19 in mid-January and declared a state of emergency in April and May 2020, urging people to stay at home and reduce travel. Using Mobile Spatial Statistics (i.e., population statistics created from operational data of mobile terminal networks), we estimated daily intra- and inter-prefectural population mobility in the Tokyo Megalopolis Region, Japan in 2020. Then, we developed a compartmental model with population mobility to explore the role of stay-at-home requests and travel restrictions in preventing the spread of COVID-19. This model describes the COVID-19 pandemic through a susceptible-exposed-presymptomatic infectious-undocumented and documented infectious-removed (SEPIR) process and incorporates intra- and inter-prefectural population mobility into the transmission process. We found that people significantly reduced travel during the state of emergency, although stay-at-home requests and travel restrictions were recommended rather than mandatory. The reduction in population mobility, combined with other control measures, resulted in a substantial reduction in effective reproduction numbers to below 1, thus controlling the first wave of the pandemic. Moreover, the relationship between population mobility and COVID-19 transmission changed over time. The dampening of the second wave of the pandemic indicated that smaller reductions in population mobility could result in pandemic control, probably because of other social distancing behaviors. Our proposed model can be used to analyze the impact of different public health interventions, and our findings shed light on the effectiveness of soft containments in curbing the spread of COVID-19.

Myeloid cells in COVID-19 microenvironment.

Varying differentiation of myeloid cells is common in tumors, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic diseases. The release of cytokines from myeloid cells is an important driving factor that leads to severe COVID-19 cases and subsequent death. This review briefly summarizes the results of single-cell sequencing of peripheral blood, lung tissue, and cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients and describes the differentiation trajectory of myeloid cells in patients. Moreover, we describe the function and mechanism of abnormal differentiation of myeloid cells to promote disease progression. Targeting myeloid cell-derived cytokines or checkpoints is essential in developing a combined therapeutic strategy for patients with severe COVID-19.

Acute Infection of Viral Pathogens and Their Innate Immune Escape.

Viral infections can cause rampant disease in human beings, ranging from mild to acute, that can often be fatal unless resolved. An acute viral infection is characterized by sudden or rapid onset of disease, which can be resolved quickly by robust innate immune responses exerted by the host or, instead, may kill the host. Immediately after viral infection, elements of innate immunity, such as physical barriers, various phagocytic cells, group of cytokines, interferons (IFNs), and IFN-stimulated genes, provide the first line of defense for viral clearance. Innate immunity not only plays a critical role in rapid viral clearance but can also lead to disease progression through immune-mediated host tissue injury. Although elements of antiviral innate immunity are armed to counter the viral invasion, viruses have evolved various strategies to escape host immune surveillance to establish successful infections. Understanding complex mechanisms underlying the interaction between viruses and host's innate immune system would help develop rational treatment strategies for acute viral infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of acute infections caused by viral pathogens and highlight broad immune escape strategies exhibited by viruses.

Effects of the COVID-19 on Air Quality: Human Mobility, Spillover Effects, and City Connections.

We quantify the causal effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on air quality in the context of China. Using the lockdowns in different cities as exogenous shocks, our difference-in-differences estimations show that lockdown policies significantly reduced air pollution by 12% on average. Based on the first lockdown city, Wuhan, we present three underlying mechanisms driving our findings: anticipatory effects, spillover effects, and a city's level of connection with Wuhan. Our findings are more pronounced in cities whose population was more willing to self-isolate or more susceptible to anxiety, or whose government faces less pressure to stimulate economic growth. Overall, this study contributes to the literature by evaluating the unintended consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak for air quality, and provides timely policy implications for policymakers.

COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics.

The recent novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is seeing a rapid increase in infected patients worldwide. The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 appears to play a critical role in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. SARS-CoV-2 not only activates antiviral immune responses, but can also cause uncontrolled inflammatory responses characterized by marked pro-inflammatory cytokine release in patients with severe COVID-19, leading to lymphopenia, lymphocyte dysfunction, and granulocyte and monocyte abnormalities. These SARS-CoV-2-induced immune abnormalities may lead to infections by microorganisms, septic shock, and severe multiple organ dysfunction. Therefore, mechanisms underlying immune abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 must be elucidated to guide clinical management of the disease. Moreover, rational management of the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, which includes enhancing anti-viral immunity while inhibiting systemic inflammation, may be key to successful treatment. In this review, we discuss the immunopathology of COVID-19, its potential mechanisms, and clinical implications to aid the development of new therapeutic strategies against COVID-19.